Psychological phenomena2/1/2024 ![]() Others have built on Schwarz’s early findings, showing that people are more likely to fall for misinformation when they fail to carefully deliberate the material, whether or not it’s aligned with their political views (Bago, B., et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. Studies of motivated reasoning by psychologist Peter Ditto, PhD, of the University of California, Irvine, show that people deploy skepticism selectively-for instance, when they’re less critical of ideas that align with their political beliefs (Gampa, A., et al., Social Psychological and Personality Science, Vol. presidential election, when misinformation spread widely on Facebook and other social media platforms, psychological research on the topic has accelerated. His studies also show that people are more likely to accept misinformation as fact if it’s easy to hear or read ( Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. ![]() Schwarz identified five criteria that people use to decide whether information is true: compatibility with other known information, credibility of the source, whether others believe it, whether the information is internally consistent, and whether there is supporting evidence (“Metacognition,” in APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, 2015). “If we later hear a correction, it doesn’t invalidate our thoughts-and it’s our own thoughts that can maintain a bias, even when we accept that the original information was false.” “When we hear new information, we often think about what it may mean,” says Norbert Schwarz, PhD, a professor of psychology and marketing at the University of Southern California. A., et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. Starting in the 1970s, psychologists showed that even after misinformation is corrected, false beliefs can still persist (Anderson, C. “Even in the best of all possible worlds, correcting misinformation is not an easy task.” When are we susceptible to misinformation? “The fundamental problem with misinformation is that once people have heard it, they tend to believe and act on it, even after it’s been corrected,” says Stephan Lewandowsky, PhD, a professor of psychology at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. But psychologists who study fake news warn that it’s an uphill battle, one that will ultimately require a global cooperative effort among researchers, governments, and social media platforms. Psychological studies of both misinformation (also called fake news), which refers to any claims or depictions that are inaccurate, and disinformation, a subset of misinformation intended to mislead, are helping expose the harmful impact of fake news-and offering potential remedies. Such falsehoods, which research shows have influenced attitudes and behaviors around protective measures such as mask-wearing, are an ongoing hurdle as countries around the world struggle to get the virus under control. ![]() 263, 2020) and in June, a quarter believed the outbreak was intentionally planned by people in power ( Pew Research Center, 2020). adults believed the Chinese government created the coronavirus as a bioweapon ( Social Science & Medicine, Vol. Misinformation on COVID-19 is so pervasive that even some patients dying from the disease still say it’s a hoax.
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